Astronomy is the scientific study of the universe whereas Astrophysics which is a branch of Astronomy, applies the law of physics to explain the working of what makes up the universe. Astronomy measures positions, luminosities, motions and other characteristics of the celestial objects. In contrast, astrophysics creates physical theories of small to medium-size structures in the universe.

To become an Astronomer:

Take Math, Physics, Chemistry at 10+2 level with Biology/Computer Science as the 4th subject.

At the undergraduate level, you could take B.Sc. in Astronomy & Astrophysics/Physics/Mathematics (or Math & Physics double major)/Earth Sciences

At the postgraduate level, you could do M.Sc. Astronomy or Astrophysics.

Finally, a Doctorate (PhD) is required, especially if you want to enter the academia and institutes like ISRO or NASA.

Those who are B.Tech. Graduates in Electrical, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering can opt for MSc Astronomy.

To become an Astrophysicist, take the same subjects as in Astronomer till the undergraduate level. In college, students should aim to (eventually) complete a doctorate in astrophysics, and then take on a post-doctoral position in astrophysics.
In addition, join astronomy clubs, attend local astronomy events, take free online courses in astronomy and astrophysics, and keep up with the latest news on websites like NASA, Science Daily, Spacecom etc. Attend summer jobs or internships in math or science. At the postgraduate level (Masters and PhD), you must specialize in Astrophysics. Courses in astronomy, computer science, mathematics, physics and statistics would help to have a wide base of knowledge.

Career opportunities for Astronomer/Astrophysicist:

You could become a university professor, a full-time researcher at an observatory, scientific journalist, aerospace engineer or data scientist at an institute. You go into space engineering or take up one of the below options –

• Atmospheric Scientist
• Plasma Physicist
• Mechanical Engineer
• Aerospace Engineer
• Computer Hardware Engineer
• Electronics Engineer
• Metereologist